Friday Announcements: October 18, 2002

Friday Announcement Archives

 

6th Annual Parker Essential Fund Auction

Imagine the Possibilities!

 

Please Return Donation Forms NOW. It’s time to finalize the Auction Book! Books will be ready on October 30, PLP Day.

 

=========================================================================

PEF Auction Donation Form

Item Name: ___________________________________Date: ____________________

Donating Business Name and address (if applicable): __________________________

Description: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Your Name(s): ______________________ Telephone/email: ______________________

Do you want your name in the brochure with your item? Yes No ____

Value/Retail Price ($00 is OK) Minimum Bid (optional) _______

Sorry, I can’t attend the auction but would like to help Parker create the possibilities. Enclosed is my donation of $____

Thank you for your generous donation! See you on Saturday, November 2nd.

Some of the great items donated so far!

Sunset cruise on the harbor

Holiday shopping elf who will do your personal shopping and wrap it

Cottage on the Cape for a week in June

Live lawn ornaments courtesy of Martha

8th row Celtics tickets

Steam cleaning by March

Hand painted quilt stand

One month of Life Skills coaching

Drum set

Questions: Carol 508-839-9371ferris263@aol , Lori 978-433-5157 fpurcell@charter.net

Maureen 978-486-4590 maureenswojcik@juno.com

Important Auction Dates:

 

Friday October 18th: Donation forms are due with a grace period until Wednesday, October 25th! Please return donation forms NOW to either the school office, fax to Parker at 978-772-3295 or email to Judy Ericson (pericson@quixnet.net) or Ann Jakubosky (andyj@net1plus.com).

Donation forms received AFTER FRIDAY, OCTOBER 25TH WILL BE ADDED AS ADDENDUM ITEMS TO THE AUCTION BOOK.

Tuesday October 22nd: Auction Meeting at 7:30 P.M. If you can help on the night of the auction, please come to this meeting. If you are unable to make the meeting but would like to help, please call or email: Carol 508-839-9371 ferris263@aol.com, Lori 978-433-5157 fpurcell@charter.net Maureen 978-486-4590 maureenswojcik@juno.com

Wednesday October 30th: Bring your Auction item to the school during PLP time.

Saturday November 2nd: Auction at 7:00 P.M. The Silent Auction begins at 7:00 P.M. followed immediately by the Live Auction.

Can’t make it to the Auction but do not want to miss out? We will make it easy for you!  If you cannot make it to the auction but would like to purchase a certain donated item(s) please call Carol Liasson at 508-839-9371 so that we can bid for you!  We will provide you with a bid sheet to fill out indicating how much you are willing to spend and it could be yours!  Call Carol for more information.

Auction Help Needed:

Student waiters - Must be able to pour non-alcoholic beverages at the
live auction. Call Maureen 978-486-4590 or email maureenswojcik@juno.com

Student runners - Show live auction items to audience and deliver auction items to highest bidder, dramatic ability a plus! Call Maureen 978-486-4590 or
email maureenswojcik@juno.com

Silent auction table captains - the night of the auction you will close
down a table at the Silent Auction and gather up the bid sheets, circle the highest bid and
deliver to cashier. Call Lori Purcell 978-433-5157 or email
fpurcell@charter.net

Dessert bakers - follow a tried and true recipe for a gourmet goodie and
deliver it to Parker - call Mary Ellen Gordon 978-486-4590 or email
medavid@rcn.net


Come enjoy the all-new auction with café seating, live entertainment, and gourmet desserts while helping better your child’s education.

COMING SOON

October, 2002

Friday, 10/18 - Parker Auction Donation Forms due

Saturday, 10/19 - PSAT test at Parker

Tuesday, 10/22 - After School Crafts 3:30 – 5:00 p.m.

Tuesday, 10/22 - Auction Volunteer meeting @ 7:30 p.m.

Wednesday, 10/23 - Café Wednesday @ 7:00 p.m.- 9:00 p.m.

Friday, 10/25 - Halloween Dance for Division II and III from 7:00 p.m. - 10:00 p.m. at the Parker School Tuesday, 10/29 - After School Crafts 3:30 – 5:00 p.m.

Wednesday, 10/30 - PLP Conference Day (no classes)

Wednesday, 10/30 - Bring Auction Items to school (PLP Day)

CALENDAR

PLEASE MARK THESE DATES! (Subject to change)

November, 2002

Saturday, 11/02 - Parker School Auction @ 7:00 p.m.

Tuesday, 11/05 - After School Crafts 3:30 – 5:00 p.m.

Thursday, 11/7 - P.E.F. Board Meeting at 7:30 p.m.

Monday, 11/11 - Veterans Day – no school

Tuesday, 11/12 - After School Crafts 3:30 – 5:00 p.m.

Friday, 11/15 - NO SCHOOL - teacher professional development day

Tuesday, 11/19 - After School Crafts 3:30 – 5:00 p.m.

Tuesday,11/19 - Community Feedback Night for Senior Projects

Tuesday, 11/19 - Trustees Meeting @ 7:00 p.m.

Sunday, 11/24 - Solomon Pond Mall Charity Event

Tuesday, 11/26 - After School Crafts 3:30 – 5:00 p.m.

Wednesday, 11/27 - Early Release (noon dismissal)

Thursday/Friday, 11/28 – 11/29 - Thanksgiving Break

December, 2002

Tuesday, 12/03 - After School Crafts 3:30 – 5:00 p.m.

Saturday, 12/07 - Littleton Holiday Craft Fair @ Littleton High School

Friday, 12/20 - Early Release (noon dismissal)

Monday, 12/23 – 12/31 - Holiday Recess

January, 2003

Wednesday, 1/1 - New Year’s Day – no school

Thursday/Friday, 1/2, 1/3 - Faculty Work Days

Monday, 1/6 - Classes Resume

Sunday, 1/12 - Enrollment Information Session (1-4 pm)

Tuesday, 1/14 - Trustees Meeting @ 7:00 p.m.

Monday, 1/20 - Martin Luther King, Jr. Birthday - no school

Sunday, 1/26 - Enrollment Information Session (1-4 pm) (Snow date: Sunday, February 2)

 

 

REMINDER:

Student Directories are now available at $2.00 a copy. Please pick your copy up in the front office.

 

Thank You!!!!

Thank you to the family of Brian and Paul Conant for the recent donations to the nurse’s office of snacks for hungry students. Your generosity is appreciated!

Wrapping Paper

Thank you to everyone who participated in the Wrapping Paper sale. We managed to make a $2,700 profit for the Parker School which is almost $1,000 more than last year. Many thanks to all who participated in this very successful fund raiser. Pick up time for the wrapping paper will be on Tuesday, November 12. Please watch the Friday Announcements for further details.

CAN YOU HELP?

Attention all Division II and Division III students and their families!!!!!!

The Halloween dance will take place on Friday, October 25 from 7:00 – 10:00 p.m. Damara and Melanie’s advisories are sponsoring the dance. We would appreciate help from the Parker community. If you have any decorations (orange and black paper streamers, white sheets or fabric, or any other decorations), please send them in to school by Wednesday, October 23. We will provide refreshments, however, we are looking for baked goods (to be donated). Please send in baked goods on Thursday, October 24. Together we will make this event a success!!!!!

Amnesty International needs your help! Amnesty International is a human rights activist group, and we will be sending letters to political leaders. To do this we need postage and business envelopes. If you can help, please drop donations off in the Amnesty box in the office. Thanks.

Hi! My name is Emily Cardillo, and I am a senior at Parker. For my senior project I am designing my own clothing line. In order to do so I need fabric, so if there is any unwanted fabric and or old clothes that you can give to me I would greatly appreciate it. It can be any style, material, etc. You can leave it in the main office for me and or you can bring it to Room 28, which is my advisory. Thank you so much I greatly appreciate it.

Dear Parker Community,

For my senior project, I am planning on writing a novella. In my search for a mentor to guide me, I hope to find a editor and peer to help me revise and improve my work. I was hoping that there would be a community member who was either an experienced writer who could help me, or could connect me to such a person. Any help anyone could provide me in this matter would be greatly appreciated. Thank you, Brian Whalley

Hi, my name is Sarah Kimball, and I am looking for a company to make a website for as part of my senior project. If you are interested or know someone who might be, please email me at tikee33@hotmail.com or leave a note for me in Deb’s box. Thanks for your help!! - Sarah

Help for a Senior Project

I am a senior and working on my senior project, which is a photographic essay documenting the cultural shock of living in a different country. As part of my senior project I am trying to find someone who works in an exchange program, or mentors exchange students (or knows anything about bringing students or children from abroad). I am interested in becoming involved with bringing exchange students to the United States. My project will include living in Germany, and I am looking for someone who can either tutor me in German or refer me to someone who can (or recommend a course0. If you can assist me with either of these please contact me at (978) 448-3710, or email me at Dreamsofreality4@aol.com. Thank you. Your help is sincerely appreciated. Alyssa Brayshaw

 

DIVISION III UPDATE

Please save the date!

Tuesday, November 19

Community Feedback Night for Senior Projects

Come and hear about the projects seniors are doing and offer your expertise and suggestions to help them further their work.

 

Senior Project Proposals are currently being reviewed by the Senior Seminar teachers and will be returned to students early next week for revision. Seniors should be immersing themselves in their early research and making initial contacts with people who will be involved in their project at this point. Please watch for requests for assistance from our seniors as they work on their projects (usually printed in the _Help_ section of the Friday Announcements). Many of the successful experiences that kids have had in prior years have been initiated or facilitated by Parker parents or connections that Parker parents have set up for kids, so please help if you can.

This week’s class updates are from Becky Wilusz’s classes:

Heroes, Archetypes and Icons

We are still working our way through The Odyssey! We have followed Telemachus away from Ithaca and to Sandy Pylos and Sparta in search of news of his father. Then we watched Odysseus’ journey away from Calypso and his arrival in Phaeacia. We in the middle of listening to Odysseus tell the king and queen of Phaeacia the story of his ill-fated journey home, including his trip to the House of the Dead. Our class discussions have focused on important quotes about Odysseus, descriptions of him and what they tell us about the kind of person he was, quotes about the ways the gods and goddesses interact with people and quotes describing the women we have met so far in this epic tale. Students are working on their reading journals. There is an option for students to make the project portfolio eligible by completing a weekly synthesis.

Art of the Essay

After tackling personal narrative and descriptive essays, parts of speech and parts of sentence, we have moved onto our third type of essay, the definition essay. Students are in the process of drafting that piece, conferencing and peer editing to refine their points and revising their work. Next week we will finish the definition essays and then move on to our first revision week full of conferencing, organizing and reworking essays.

 

MATH, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (MST) UPDATE

Division I MST

Last week's oral presentations were a success. Students shared detailed observations and data that they collected from the Culturing Microbes experiment. Then they made inferences about the causes of microbe growth and the role microbes play in decomposition. This week students have had the opportunity to further explore these ideas by designing their own experiment testing conditions that promote decomposition (COW #5 due next Friday).

To prepare for COW #4 (due today), students are recognizing and describing patterns using graphs, t-tables, diagrams and equations. Ask them what a linear graph looks like, or an exponential one. Don't forget about extra-help sessions which are determined by class.

Division II MST

Talk the talk and Walk the walk....this is the theme this week (going into next week for some classes). Students are "talking the talk" in math as they complete their oral presentations on Exponential Functions. In science, we are "walking the walk" into the field, to explore water in action!

All of this is tied to our essential question, How do parameters affect the possibilities?

ARTS & HUMANITIES (AH) UPDATE

Division I A/H - Remember to visit the Division I Homework Page on www. Parker.org

We wanted to thank all the parents who volunteered to help out at our Capulet's ball. The ball was a big success. Please check out the pictures on the web!

In addition, we wanted to thank those parents who have returned the permission slips for our upcoming field trip to see the play Romeo and Juliet on November 14.

Please know that many classes will be showing an edited version of Shakespeare In Love. The movie offers a great view at what life was like during Shakespeare's time.

All Division 1 AH classes have been doing acting workshops in preparation for upcoming recitations. This week, Tassia and Matt's classes have been focusing on passage, voice, and movement. Martha and Clay's classes have been focusing on voice dynamics (inflection, pauses, stress and nonverbals). Emma and Michelle's classes have particularly been staging Act 5 Scene 3 (the last scene of the play).

Tassia and Matt presented two Renaissance teasers this week, one on transportation and the other on religion. Martha and Clay finished up a grammar unit on the use of the comma and introduced an art lesson with the help of Beethoven’s 5th Symphony and Disney's Fantasia. Emma and Michelle presented slides on art of the Renaissance.

Division II A/H

Students are continuing to read Laura Esquivel's novel, "Like Water for Chocolate." This week, students considered the setting of the novel in the midst of the Mexican Revolution. Students also explored the sensory appeal of the novel by examining passages that strongly evoke taste and smell. To extend the novel's sensory experience, students sampled smells, flavors, and other sense stimuli that their teachers brought to class and used each one to evoke a distinct memory. These sensory-based memories became the material for a short piece of imaginative writing. Next week, students will finish the novel and organize work that they have generated over the last several weeks in connection with the novel into a reading assessment.

Just a reminder that on Thursday, November 7 (for Block 2 students) and Friday, November 8 (for Block 3 students) we will travel to Dartmouth College to view original murals by Jose Orazco. Look for a permission slip soon.

 

SPANISH UPDATE

Margarita's 7th grade classes are working on learning the days of the week and the months of the years through interactive group activities.

Margarita's 8th grade students are continuing to work on their "Leer" projects based on the book "Casi Se Muere".

David's students are continuing to work on their "Leer" projects based on the book "Casi Se Muere". Students should be studying vocabulary pertaining to the text.

Damara's students are continuing to work on their "Leer" projects based on the book "Casi Se Muere". Students should be studying vocabulary pertaining to the text.

Dharma's classes are in the final stages of the short story reading project. The short story reading projects were completed this week. Some classes acted out skits that responded to analysis prompts from the story. They are trying out Spanish CD-Rom programs in class or reading another short story in Spanish.

Emily’s Division II classes were introduced to their next project: speaking. Friday will be a grammar day.

Emily’s Division III classes continues with their novel.

WELLNESS UPDATE

Alan’s Wellness Classes

In Alan's classes, students reviewed the Parker School's sexual harassment policy and answered questions relating to this issue. Students learned about some of the statistics of sexual harassment and harassment of gay and lesbian students in schools. Students continue to do a one minute run and have wrapped up with touch football this week.

Deborah’s Wellness Classes

This week in Deborah's Health classes we continued our look at the music industry and it's influences on gender stereotyping and the oppression of women. Next week we will be focusing on Sexual Harassment, looking at

Parker's policies as well as how to address the problem. We have moved into soccer for our physical activity classes. Please continue to remind you children to bring a warm jacket as we'll continue to play outside for the next several weeks. We also visited the Devens Fire Department on Friday to meet Sparky the dog, watched a demonstration of the Jaws of Life and saw how thermal imaging cameras work.

Katie’s Wellness Classes

This week in Katie's wellness class we looked at the messages about violence, gender and sexuality that the media can send. After discussing more generally how the media influences its recipients, we examined the images that popular male and female embody and questioned if they must occupy these images to gain success within the industry. Next week we will be deepening our conversation about this topic and will examine some artists who consciously cultivate socially conscious and non-violent messages within their music. We spent our activity classes roller-blading and bike-riding and next week we will be playing one more week of football.

LIBRARY NEWS

Attention, Parent Volunteers!

Did you sign up to volunteer in the library? We need you! Four identical training sessions are being set up for all new parent volunteers (see the dates below). It is important that you attend one of these sessions. Please register by calling the main office or send an email to me at Laurie@Parker.org. Please come prepared to tell me what days & times during the week you can work. I'll be interested in learning about areas of subject interests or expertise you can share.

I look forward to meeting you! Thank you!

Thurs. Oct. 24 8:30 - 10:00 AM

Thurs. Oct. 24 2:00 - 3:15 PM

Mon. Oct. 28 8:30 - 10:00 AM

Mon. Oct. 28 2:00 - 3:15 PM

One time help needed in the library - are you good with a saw and paintbrush?

I have about 15 oak shelves that need to be cut down, sanded and poly-urethaned. If you can help, please call or email me at school - Laurie@parker.org. Thank you!

Laurie Nehring, Librarian

CO-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

Miami...... Final Chance!!!!!!

We have 14 students interested in participating in the Spring Break Spanish trip to Miami. We need to have at least 20 students attend the trip in order for the trip to take place. The final deadline is Friday, November 1. Please send in a deposit check for $75.00 made payable to "Winged Victory Tours." Should you have any questions or concerns please do not hesitate to contact Damara at (978) 635-9774.

 

Parker / Wachusett Mountain Ski Program

(Deadline November 8, 2002)

We are pleased to continue the Parker / Wachusett Mountain, Thursday evening ski program. This year’s program is scheduled to run six consecutive Thursdays starting January 9th, 2003.

As last year, two buses have been contracted and we expect to fill both, so participation will be on a first come, first serve basis and is limited to available bus space. Please return your completed applications, along with payments, as soon as possible to avoid disappointment.

Please note: Wachusett Mountain REQUIRES applications are signed by the parent or guardian.

Application packets containing all required information can be picked up in the Parker Office. The basic cost for bus transportation and lift tickets will be $145.00. Equipment rentals and lessons are also available. Scholarships may be available for financially needy students wishing to participate in the ski program. Please contact Mary Ann Gapinski – the Parker School Nurse, to obtain the required scholarship forms.

Applications will be accepted until November 8th or until the buses are full.

Jim DiGiorgio

 

 

Café Wednesday is back!!!! - Wednesday, October 23

Come one, come all! Students and parents alike! Cafe Wednesday is back!!!! Parker's premier venue for students, faculty, and family performance –Café Wednesday-- is less than a week away!

The Parker Community is urged to join us in the auditorium for goodies and drinks as we enjoy a wide range of singers, poets, magicians, actors and other talents drawn from our own community. Jess, Henry, and Andy promise this to be the best year yet.

There is no admission fee other than a plate of cookies or a bottle of juice or soda, and the willingness to applaud well for the talent this school attracts.

Come one, come all:

Wednesday, October 23

7:00 p.m. - 9:00 p.m.*

With: a plate of goodies or a bottle of juice or soda

*Parents: if you are dropping students off, please come inside the school to gather your students at 9 o'clock. The parking lot is dark. Even better? Come and join us!

 

 

8th Annual

After School Crafts

On Tuesday afternoons after school there will be craft activities for anyone in the Parker Community (students, teachers or parents) that would like to participate. The craft days will begin on Tuesday Oct. 22 from 3:30 until 5:00. We will meet every Tuesday until December 3rd. Maryann Kane (parent) Maren Toohill (parent) and Linda Knupp (Parker alumnus parent) will be on hand to provide materials and ideas to make the crafts. The crafts will be sold at the Littleton Holiday Craft Fair on Saturday December 7th at Littleton High School with the proceeds going to the Parker Essential Fund. If anyone has ideas or materials they would like to share we are open to new ideas.

We would welcome all who are interested to come and help out on Tuesdays. If you are unable to come on Tuesdays , but you would like to donate crafts you have made that would be beneficial to the cause. This is a twofold endeavor, an after school activity and a fundraiser. Please join us. If you have any questions please call Maryann at 978-582-9651 Maren 978-486-3796 or Linda at 978-952-2755.

 

¯ Division II/Division III ¯

  Halloween Dance

"They do the mash....they do the monster mash!" Join your friends for a fun evening of costumes and dancing. The Div II/Div III Halloween Dance will be on Friday, October 25th. There will be many halloween-y activities, including a costume contest for those daring spirits who show their true colors (no face masks please). Tickets will be on sale the week of the dance, starting Monday 10/21.

We need more chaperones. If you're a parent and you're interested in chaperoning, please contact Melanie Palma (mpalma@parker.org).

 

*** Attention ***

Parker Musicians and Parker Chorus - Deadline

The Central District Music Educators Association will hold its High School auditions for chorus, band, orchestra and jazz band on Saturday, November 23. A list of audition pieces can be obtained from Islay Boeri at (978) 724-0205 or leave a message in my box in the main office and I will get back to you.

SPORTS UPDATE

Sports Schedule – Week of October 21

 

Parker

 

 

Dismissal

Bus

Game

 

Date

Team

Practice/Game

Location

from class

Leaves

Time

Pick-up

Monday, 10/21

Boys Varsity

Home vs. Ayer

Rogers

2:45

 

3:30

5:15 at field

 

Girls Varsity

Away vs. Ayer

(978) 772-8600

2:35

2:45

4:30

6:15 at school

 

Boys MS/JV

Home vs. Ayer

Rogers

2:45

 

3:30

5:15 at field

 

Girls JV

Away vs. Ayer

(978) 772-8600

2:35

2:45

3:30

6:15 at school

 

Girls MS

Practice

P5

 

 

3:30

5:15 at field

 

Cross Country

Practice

School

 

 

3:30

4:45 at school

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tuesday, 10/22

Boys Varsity

Home vs. Monty Tech.

Rogers

2:45

 

3:30

5:15 at field

 

Girls Varsity

Practice

P5

 

 

3:30

5:30 at field

 

Boys MS/JV

Away vs. Littleton

(978) 486-8938

2:20

2:30

4:45

6:15 at school

 

Girls JV

Practice

P5

 

 

3:30

5:15 at field

 

Girls MS

Away vs. Littleton

(978) 486-8938

2:20

2:30

3:30

6:15 at school

 

Cross Country

Home vs. Essex

Willard

2:45

 

3:30

5:00 at Willard

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wednesday, 10/23

Boys Varsity

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Girls Varsity

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Boys MS/JV

Away vs. Lawrence Acad.

(978) 448-6535

 

2:00

3:00

4:45 at school

 

Girls JV

Away vs. Lawrence Acad.

(978) 448-6535

 

2:00

3:00

4:45 at school

 

Girls MS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cross Country

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thursday, 10/24

Boys Varsity

Practice

P5

 

 

3:30

5:30 at field

 

Girls Varsity

Home vs. Blackstone

Rogers

 

 

3:30

5:15 at field

 

Boys MS/JV

Practice

P5

 

 

3:30

5:15 at field

 

Girls JV

Practice

P5

 

 

3:30

5:15 at field

 

Girls MS

Practice

P5

 

 

3:30

5:15 at field

 

Cross Country

Away vs. Blackstone

(508) 529-7758

2:05

2:15

3:30

6:00 at school

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Friday, 10/25

Boys Varsity

Home vs. Keefe Tech.

Rogers

2:45

 

3:30

5:15 at field

 

Girls Varsity

Practice

P5

 

 

3:30

5:30 at field

 

Boys MS/JV

Home vs. Bromfield

Rogers

2:45

 

3:30

5:15 at field

 

Girls JV

Practice

P5

 

 

3:30

5:15 at field

 

Girls MS

Home vs. Bromfield

Rogers

2:45

 

3:30

5:15 at field

 

Cross Country

Practice

School

 

 

3:30

4:45 at school

 

 

   

 

     
Saturday, 10/26

GVAR

Away vs. Monty Tech.

11:00

TBA

The P5 practice field is on Antietam Street between MacArthur Avenue and Sherman Avenue.

Colored mouthguards must be worn by all soccer players at every practice and every game – this is an MIAA rule and will be strictly enforced. There are likely to be some scheduling changes during the season from the Game Schedules handed out, please stay tuned to the coaches and Friday Announcements for any changes.

PARKER VOLUNTEER HOURS

 

Please include the hours you donated during the month of ________________, your help is invaluable. Thank you.

 

Parent’s Name: _____________________________________________ Month: ___________________

(Please print)

Child’s Name: _____________________________________________ Advisor: __________________

(Please print)

Activity: __________________________________________________ Hours: ____________________

 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

PARKER ESSENTIAL FUND

 

February, 2003

14 - Early Release (1:30 dismissal)

17 - President’s Day - no school

18 - 21 - Winter Recess

March, 2003

11 - Trustees Meeting @ 7:00 p.m.

12 - Spring PLP Conference Day (no classes)

April, 2003

18 - Early Release (noon dismissal)

21 - 25 - Spring Recess

29 - Trustees Meeting @ 7:00 p.m.

May, 2003

23 - Early Release (noon dismissal)

26 - Memorial Day - no school

June, 2003

11 - Noon dismissal – Graduation, 6:00 p.m.

17 - Trustees Meeting @ 7:00 p.m.

24 - Last Day of Classes (or earlier)

25 - 27 - Faculty Work Days (or earlier)